Americans who demand that the obstacles to individual success and personal advancement be removed – that it is, in fact, the most important function of government to remove them – do not see themselves as selfish or callous. On the contrary, they believe quite sincerely that they are upholding an important moral standard: individuals must fulfil their potential and make the effort to succeed as best they can in order to take responsibility for their own lives. Most importantly, to as great an extent as possible, they must see to it that their children will have greater opportunities for self-advancement than they did. That was, and still is, the great American promise. But it is not only Americans who think this way. Large proportions of the populations, perhaps majorities, of almost all the European democracies believe it too. Self-determination, the right to make your own decisions and take control of your own fate, could be said to be the whole point of a free society. Whether they would say so explicitly or not, most people feel that they should be able to take decisions for themselves about their social and economic condition – and that they should be prepared to accept the consequences of those decisions. Indeed, they believe that it is the possible consequences – the risks – that may follow from those choices which are the only things that make people behave sensibly. It follows that they resent the idea that the state should support those who have made no effort to improve their lives. They do not see this resentment as nasty or unkind. On the contrary, they regard it as a conscientious expression of concern for the longer term well-being of those who might be consigned to lifelong failure. This perfectly plausible moral view has been almost drowned out in European politics by generations of class-based ideology. The very idea of a public morality based on individualism – generally termed “selfish individualism” – was attacked. Then there was the inviolable credo that those who appeared to fail, even if they refused to try, were not to blame. Their bad choices were determined by the misfortune of their circumstances which were out of their control. In some cases, of course, this would be true – but as a general principle applied to the whole of a population it became an insidious vindictive force: all those who succeeded were guilty of stealing wealth and advantage from all those who failed. Allowing people to prosper and achieve the rewards of their own ingenuity or hard work could not be acceptable because their success created inequality and was, in effect, a form of theft from those who lacked those fortunate traits. The only decent political solution was to take some of that advantage away and hand it out to those who, through no fault of their own, had achieved less. Wealth redistribution or, as it came to be known, “social fairness”, relied on the idea that even your apparent virtues – self-reliance, responsible behaviour, determination – were actually unfair privileges. If your actions are constructive and conducive to success, that is just the good luck with which you happened to be gifted at birth. The problem for contemporary democracy is that a great many people believe this too. In fact, it is probably the case that a majority of the populations of Western countries believe both of these arguments – that people should be rewarded for succeeding by their own efforts, and that they should be penalised by having to support those who have not made an effort. It has simply become impossible for societies to sustain this contradiction any longer.
Los estadounidenses que exigen que se eliminen los obstáculos al éxito individual y al avance personal (que, de hecho, eliminarlos es la función más importante del gobierno) no se consideran egoístas ni insensibles. Por el contrario, creen sinceramente que están defendiendo una norma moral importante: los individuos deben desarrollar su potencial y hacer el esfuerzo de triunfar lo mejor que puedan para poder asumir la responsabilidad de sus propias vidas. Lo más importante es que, en la medida de lo posible, deben velar por que sus hijos tengan mayores oportunidades de superación personal que las que ellos tuvieron. Ésa fue, y sigue siendo, la gran promesa estadounidense. Pero no son sólo los estadounidenses los que piensan así. Grandes proporciones de la población, tal vez mayorías, de casi todas las democracias europeas también lo creen. Se podría decir que la autodeterminación, el derecho a tomar sus propias decisiones y tomar control de su propio destino, es el objetivo central de una sociedad libre. Ya sea que lo digan explícitamente o no, la mayoría de las personas sienten que deberían poder tomar decisiones por sí mismas sobre su condición social y económica, y que deberían estar preparadas para aceptar las consecuencias de esas decisiones. De hecho, creen que son las posibles consecuencias –los riesgos– que pueden derivarse de esas elecciones las únicas cosas que hacen que la gente se comporte con sensatez.De ello se deduce que les molesta la idea de que el Estado deba apoyar a quienes no han hecho ningún esfuerzo por mejorar sus vidas. No ven este resentimiento como desagradable o cruel. Por el contrario, lo consideran una expresión consciente de preocupación por el bienestar a largo plazo de quienes podrían verse condenados al fracaso de por vida. Esta visión moral perfectamente plausible casi ha sido ahogada en la política europea por generaciones de ideología de clase. Se atacó la idea misma de una moral pública basada en el individualismo (generalmente denominada “individualismo egoísta”). Luego estaba el credo inviolable de que aquellos que parecían fracasar, incluso si se negaban a intentarlo, no tenían la culpa. Sus malas decisiones estuvieron determinadas por la desgracia de sus circunstancias que estaban fuera de su control. En algunos casos, por supuesto, esto sería cierto, pero como principio general aplicado a toda la población se convirtió en una fuerza vengativa insidiosa: todos los que tuvieron éxito fueron culpables de robar riquezas y ventajas a todos los que fracasaron. Permitir que las personas prosperaran y obtuvieran las recompensas de su propio ingenio o trabajo duro no podía ser aceptable porque su éxito creaba desigualdad y era, de hecho, una forma de robo a quienes carecían de esos rasgos afortunados. La única solución política decente era quitar parte de esa ventaja y entregársela a aquellos que, sin tener culpa alguna, habían logrado menos.La redistribución de la riqueza o, como llegó a conocerse, la “justicia social”, se basaba en la idea de que incluso las virtudes aparentes (autosuficiencia, comportamiento responsable, determinación) eran en realidad privilegios injustos. Si tus acciones son constructivas y conducen al éxito, eso es simplemente la buena suerte que te regalaron al nacer. El problema de la democracia contemporánea es que mucha gente también cree esto. De hecho, es probable que la mayoría de las poblaciones de los países occidentales crean en ambos argumentos: que las personas deberían ser recompensadas por tener éxito con sus propios esfuerzos y que deberían ser penalizadas teniendo que apoyar a quienes no han hecho un esfuerzo. Simplemente se ha vuelto imposible para las sociedades mantener esta contradicción por más tiempo.
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